U.S. Training of Indonesia Troops Goes on Despite Ban

NEW YORK TIMES 

Tuesday, March 17, 1998 

By TIM WEINER 

WASHINGTON -- The Pentagon has been training Indonesian military forces since 1992, despite a congressional ban intended to curb human rights abuses by those soldiers, Defense Department documents show.

The Indonesian forces trained by the Pentagon include a special-forces commando unit called Kopassus, which human rights groups say has tortured and killed civilians. The unit has received training from U.S. special-operations soldiers in skills like psychological warfare and reconnaissance missions.

Pentagon officials said the training program was entirely legal, since it took place under a program different from the one curtailed by Congress. Deputy Secretary of Defense John J. Hamre said in a letter to a member of Congress last month that the training "enhances rather than diminishes our ability to positively influence Indonesia's human rights policies and behavior."

Some members of Congress question that. Rep. Christopher H. Smith, a R-N.J., said the training program "appears to be a dramatic end run around the rules that Congress has carefully prescribed for military training and education of Indonesian forces."

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Indonesia is undergoing its greatest political and economic crisis since President Suharto took power in 1965. Last week the newly appointed minister of defense, Gen. Wiranto, warned that the government would crack down hard on demonstrators protesting repression and corruption.

The troops trained by the Pentagon over the past five years include Kopassus, whose Red Berets have been deployed this year against street demonstrators in Jakarta; an army strategic command group called Kostrad that helps control the center of Java and Suharto's presidential guard. General Wiranto did not specify what troops would be used in such a crackdown.

Hamre's argument and the documents detailing the training were contained in a letter sent last month to Rep. Lane Evans of Illinois, a Democrat. The letter and the documents were made public Monday by the East Timor Action Network, which is a human rights group, and by a reporter and activist, Allan Nairn. Nairn, who was beaten severely, arrested and permanently banned from Indonesia in November 1991 after witnessing a massacre of more than 270 civilians by Indonesian troops on the island of East Timor, published an article in The Nation Monday describing the training.

In 1992 Congress banned Indonesia from receiving Pentagon training in the arts of war under the program most commonly used for such courses, known as International Military Education and Training, or IMET.

The Pentagon kept up its training -- but under a different program, known as Joint Combined Exchange and Training, or J-Cet. This was a legal way to avoid the congressional ban, since the joint program was financed through "a different pot of money" than was IMET, and thus was unaffected by the ban, a Pentagon official said.

Evans conceded that the training was legal, but called it "the Pentagon's loophole to the ban." He said he was "curious to know why U.S. taxpayer

dollars are being wasted on aiding and abetting a ruthless military organization."

The training "is certainly not within the spirit" of the law, said Rep. Nancy Pelosi, a D-Calif. "It raises serious questions about a violation of congressional intent. It is clear that it is a circumvention of Congress."

Grover Joseph Rees, an aide to Smith, said: "We have all these restrictions on IMET and they just get around it by using J-Cet." He added: "They did the same thing in Rwanda -- they give marksmanship training to people who may be participating in massacres." The J-Cet program provided training in psychological operations and marksmanship to the Rwandan Patriotic Army, which has been accused of the massacre of civilians in eastern Zaire.

The Pentagon was unable to say Monday how much the J-Cet training program for Indonesia cost, how many troops were trained or which military office ran the program.

A Defense Department official, who would not be quoted by name, said the program was no secret to well-informed members of Congress. She said it was "better to train and engage and interact and gain influence with successive generations of Indonesia officers" than to stop the training. She could cite no evidence that the training improved those officers' respect for human rights.

Congress partially restored financing for training in Indonesia in 1995, under an "expanded" Imet program theoretically limited to training in human rights, civilian control and accountability. But under the program, Indonesia was able to buy at least one course in military training directly from the Pentagon, which was another legal way around the legislation, Pentagon officials said.

see also

• Estafeta: Pentagon Documents Show Indonesian Military Training Continues Despite Congressional Ban (Spring 1998)
• Statements of Rep. Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) and Lane Evans (D-IL) on Reports of U.S. Training of the Indonesian
  Military, on Indonesian Special Forces and JCET; ETAN and additional statements from March 17 Press Conference in Washington, DC (March 17, 1998)

• JCET: List of US-Indonesia military training courses (March 1998)

• U.S.-Indonesia Military Ties