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ETAN
Backgrounder
Sexual Violence Against East
Timorese Women
During the Japanese Occupation
"At the comfort station I was called "Hanako" and had
to serve about 20 Japanese solders a day.
When the work was over, I couldn't even stand and walk. It was very hard,
but I never thought of running away.
I thought that if I did, my parents would be killed."
- Lim Fa In served in a comfort station in Aileu
An estimated 200,000 Asian women were victims of sexual violence by
Japanese soldiers during the Japanese occupation of a number of Asian and
Pacific Island nations in World War II. Most documented cases are in Korea,
the Philippines, and Taiwan although hundreds of women in Indonesia,
Thailand, China and Portuguese Timor (now East Timor) also served as
“comfort women” to Japanese soldiers in the region. Since 2000, at least 20
East Timorese women have testified at public hearings in Japan and East
Timor on their experiences as “comfort women.” Many women have also
testified on sexual violence by Indonesian troops during Indonesia’s illegal
24-year occupation of East Timor, which began in 1975.
Barely out of their teens and some not even having reached puberty,
Timorese girls and women were seized from their homes and sent to “comfort
stations” near Japanese military camps to provide sex to Japanese soldiers.
Raped by soldiers, forced to provide sex to a number of men each day or
required to serve as a “local wife” to Japanese officers throughout the
occupation, women endured sexual and emotional humiliation
Japanese Occupation
Japanese forces landed in East Timor on February 20, 1942, as part of
Imperial Japan’s campaign to secure Timor in preparation for an assault on
Australia. Eventually, the total number of Japanese soldiers in East Timor
numbered 12,000. An estimated 40,000 East Timorese were killed as a result
of the Japanese occupation.
Japanese officers ordered Timorese village chiefs to bring women to serve
soldiers and were threatened with severe punishment if they disobeyed
orders. A number of village chiefs were executed for refusing to comply or
for trying to protect the women in their village. Women were also forced to
the comfort stations by Japanese collaborators. Women from Java and Kisar
Island were also brought to East Timor as well. In 1943, several women from
Java were among 600 casualties when two Japanese transport vessels were sunk
off the coast of Lautem.
According to Ines de Jesus, who was held at a station in Oat village in
Bobonaro: “I was still a child at that time and my breasts hadn’t developed,
but at night between four and eight soldiers would come by turns to my room.
I had to provide sex for all of them. I couldn’t even stand after that, much
less work. I could only sleep as if I were dead…The soldiers mounted us
contemptuously. They were barbaric, treating us worse than animals. Besides
being forced to provide sex, sometimes we had to provide entertainment in
the form of traditional dancing (tebe-tebe) and songs. We felt we were going
to go crazy.”
Many women did not even try to escape from the stations for fear that
their families and village chiefs would be killed if they did. When the
Japanese forces withdrew from East Timor in 1945, some refused to return to
their villages due to embarrassment and fear of being discriminated against.
While, some women returned to their homes and led normal lives, several were
shunned by other villagers. Others were abandoned by their husbands. Some
failed to bear children, possibly as a result of the physical trauma caused
by years of sexual violence.
The issue of “comfort women” was not publicly acknowledged and many women
chose to remain silent until after East Timor’s independence referendum in
1999. Like “comfort women” from throughout the region, many East Timorese
women chose to remain silent due to humiliation and fear of discrimination.
The Campaign
The campaign to raise the issue of East Timorese “comfort women” took
form after the UN transitional administration was established. Timorese
“comfort women” were encouraged to come forward so that investigators could
document their experience and press for justice. Several women first
testified at a public hearing in Tokyo in December 2000. Since then, others
have testified on personal experiences of sexual violence by occupying
Japanese soldiers. A year later, 20 East Timorese NGOs citing Japan’s own
occupation and its support for the Indonesian occupation of their country,
wrote Japan’s Prime Minister to demand “an official apology and compensation
from the government of Japan to the people of East Timor so that our people
may feel consoled. Those who suffered during the Japanese military
occupation are … ordinary people.”
In May 2005, the Japan East Timor Coalition and East Timorese human
rights organization, Perkumpulan HAK, launched a joint project to
investigate and document sexual violence against East Timorese women during
the Japanese occupation. Six Timorese women testified during the first
national public hearing on “comfort women” organized by Japanese and East
Timorese citizens’ groups in Dili in January 2006. A man who was fathered by
a Japanese soldier, men who worked as Japanese auxiliaries, and the wife of
a village chief also spoke at the hearing.
U.S. Congressional Response
On July 30, 2007, the U.S. House
of Representatives passed a non-binding resolution calling on the
Japanese government to formally acknowledge and apologize for the sexual
slavery of Asian women during World War II. House Resolution 121 was the
eighth such resolution introduced in the House of Representatives since
1996, but only the first to pass. In a visit to Washington in April 2007,
then Prime Minister Shinzo Abe apologized for the treatment of “comfort
women” during World War II but maintained that there is insufficient
evidence to prove the involvement of the Japanese government in these war
crimes even though it had acknowledged in 1993 that its army ran brothels
during the war.
See also
121
Coalition: A National Coalition United to Defend Human Rights and Support
H.Res. 121
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