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Tetum: Agora mak tempu atu
hapara impunidade ba krime sira Suharto nian iha Indonesia no
Timor-Leste
Indonesian:
Sekarang Saatnya Memutus
Impunitas untuk Kejahatan Soeharto di Indonesia dan Timor-Leste
Time to End Impunity for Suharto's Crimes in Indonesia and Timor-Leste
By Celestino Gusmão*
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| Celestino Gusmão |
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Indonesia recently held
a symposium on the
violent events of 50 years ago which brought the Indonesian General
Suharto to power. The results were inconclusive as the dictator's
defenders denied the massacres and attacked those who want Indonesia to
finally deal with its blood past.
The tragedy of 1965-1966 is
part of a long history of massacres by the Indonesian military. As East
Timorese, we know very well the brutality of the Indonesian dictator's
regime. I was born after the initial Indonesian invasion in 1975, but
grew up under the occupation. As a young student, I saw the Indonesian
military intimidate and abuse youth suspected of supporting East
Timorese independence. We were not safe anywhere: Suharto's troops would
seize us at home, school or on the streets; many were never seen again.
I watched helplessly as soldiers murdered my cousin, Luis Gusmão Pereira, in a public market in Triloedae-Laga.
During 1965-1966,
the Indonesian military
and its militias carried out mass executions of those suspected of
involvement or support for the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI). Amnesty
International
estimates that between 500,000 to one million people lost their
lives. Others were tortured and imprisoned, some for decades. Members of
their families were denied employment and schooling. Many had no option
but to live among their persecutors, as shown in the Oscar-nominated
documentaries The Act of
Killing and The Look
of Silence.
Cold War fears often justified U.S.-backed
military interventions against democratically-elected governments.
Sukarno, the founding president of Indonesia and Suharto's predecessor,
carried out a populist political program linked to social and economic
justice, supported by the PKI and many other groups. Sukarno also helped
found the Non-Aligned Movement that stood apart from the Cold War blocs.
The U.S., believing Indonesia was acting too independently, supported
Suharto's seizure of power and cheered the mass killings.
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East Timorese demonstrate
for justice.
Photo by Karen Orenstein/ETAN. |
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A
decade later, Suharto sought and received U.S. backing for its plan to
launch the brutal invasion and illegal occupation of Timor-Leste. Up to
200,000 East Timorese were killed, as the U.S. showered military and
other support on Indonesia. Timor-Leste's Commission for Reception,
Truth and Reconciliation final report, Chega!, documented numerous crimes against
humanity during Indonesia's 24-year occupation, including massacres,
rape, torture, and forced disappearances. Many died of starvation when
the Indonesians forced communities from their farms and gardens and then
blockaded food supplies. Declassified documents show that the US
government understood that both the invasion and occupation were
illegal, yet it still provided military assistance, knowing that it
would be used against the people of Timor-Leste.
Survivors, the
families of victims, and human rights activists have worked to win
justice and accountability for the crimes against humanity during the
1965-1966 period. While we've seen some light in democratic progress
under Indonesia's current President Joko Widodo, justice and
accountability continue to elude us. President Widodo has made some
efforts at accountability for the human rights violations during the
Suharto years, these efforts have been challenged by members of his own
government.
The chains of impunity remain strong
in Indonesia; U.S. leaders who supported crimes against humanity in
Indonesia and elsewhere continue to avoid accountability and punishment.
The U.S. and Indonesia claim they are democratic and law-abiding
nations, but they openly resist holding their own officials accountable.
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Since we voted for our independence in 1999, there
have been several
efforts at accountability for the crimes committed in Timor-Leste.
However, only East Timorese members of militia that were created and
controlled by Indonesia have been convicted and received minimal
punishments. Meanwhile, the principal architects of the crimes remain
free in Indonesia, some of them still in positions of power. Several
have run for
President of Indonesia. While the political establishments in both
countries are currently determined to ignore them, the people of
Timor-Leste and human rights activists continue to push for and demand
accountability and justice.
The chains of impunity remain strong
in Indonesia; U.S. leaders who supported crimes against humanity in
Indonesia and elsewhere continue to avoid accountability and punishment.
The U.S. and Indonesia claim they are democratic and law-abiding
nations, but they openly resist holding their own officials accountable.
This is not just a matter of dealing with the past. Indonesia's
security forces continue to commit serious crimes in West Papua and
elsewhere in Indonesia. In recent months, thousands of West Papuans have
been detained while
demonstrating for their right to self-determination. Indonesian
activists faced intimidation from the state and the military when they
dare to speak about massacres or serious crimes of the past. Last
October, security officials
forced the cancellation of sessions addressing the 1965 massacres at
an international writers' festival in Bali. Recent showings of films
about the massacres, including The Look of Silence, have been attacked.
Together, we can end impunity. First, the U.S. and Indonesia must
release all their
records concerning the crimes committed in 1965-66 and 1975-1999.
Revealing the truth is necessary for a genuine justice and
accountability for these serious crimes.
Chega! recommends that countries like the U.S. that armed and trained
Indonesia's military provide reparations to the people of Timor-Leste.
The U.S. knew very well that its weapons -- from military aircraft to
M-16 rifles -- would rain death and destruction on many thousands of
innocent people.
Since Indonesia has proved unable to credibly
prosecute its own, international tribunals are needed if those
responsible for the crimes of 1965-66 and the crimes in Timor-Leste from
1975-1999 are to be brought to justice.
50 years of silence and
repression must end. The cycle of impunity must be broken.
*Celestino Gusmão is a member of ANTI (Timor-Leste
National Alliance for an International Tribunal) and a researcher with
La'o Hamutuk, the Timor-Leste
Institute for Development Monitoring and Analysis.
see aslo
Human Rights &
Justice page
ETAN/Tapol/Watch
Indonesia!: Appointment of General (ret.)
Wiranto as Minister confirms the deep-rooted impunity in Indonesia
Agora mak tempu atu hapara impunidade ba
krime sira Suharto nian iha Indonesia no Timor-Leste
Foin daudaun Indonesia hala’o semináriu kona-ba tinan 50 liubá no
eventu violentu sira-ne’ebé fó kbiit ba Jenerál Suharto. Laiha rezultadu
semináriu ne’e tanba defensór ditadór nega akontesimentu masakre sira,
no ataka sira-ne’ebé hakarak Indonesia bele hasoru ninia istória
violentu.
Trajédia tinan 1965-1966 nudár parte husi istória naruk
ho masakre husi militár Indonézia. Nu’udár Timoroan, ami hatene di’ak
tebes brutalidade rejime ditadór Suharto nian. Ha’u moris depois
Indonézia invade ami-nia rai iha 1975, maibé ha’u sai boot iha okupasaun
nia okos. Nu’udár labarik to’o joven, ha’u haree militár Indonézia
ameasa no abuza joven ne’ebé sira deskonfia suporta independénsia
Timor-Leste nian. Ami enfrenta diretamente hahalok kruél iha-ne’ebé
de’it: tropas Suharto nian kaer joven iha uma, eskola ka iha dalan no
barak ami nunka haree fali. Ha’u la bele halo buat ida bainhira iha
Marsu 1999, ha’u haree militár sira tiru mate ha’u-nia primu Luis Gusmaõ
Pereira iha basar públiku Triloedae-Laga.

Durante tinan
1965-1966, militár Indonézia ho nia milisia sira halo masakre barak
kontra sira-ne’ebé militár deskonfia fó apoiu ba Partidu Komunizmu
Indonézia (PKI). Amnesty Internasionál temi katak entre ema rihun atus
lima to’o ema millaun ida mak lakon nia vida. Ema seluk hetan tortura no
pena prizaun, balun ba tempu naruk. Sira-nia membru família barak la
bele hetan serbisu ka estuda. Barak lahó opsaun seluk, hela hamutuk ho
ohodór sira, hanesan ita bele haree iha filme dokumentáriu rua: Jagal no
Senyap.
Dala barak, ta’uk ba komunizmu tempu Funu Malirin sai
justifikasaun ba Estadus Unidus Amérika (EUA) suporta intervensaun
militár kontra governu ida-ne’ebé lidera liuhosi prosesu demokrátiku.
Sukarno, Prezidente dahuluk Indonézia, no Prezidente molok Suharto,
hala’o nia programa polítika sira-ne’ebé liga ho justisa sosiál no
justisa ekonómiku ida-ne’ebé fiar iha podér Povu nian no ida-ne’ebé
hetan suporta husi PKI no grupu seseluk tan. Sukarno nu’udár fundadór
Movimentu Naun-Aliadu ne’ebé hamriik ketak husi parte sira iha Funu
Malirin. Governu EUA konsidera Indonézia independente liu; nune’e EUA
suporta Suharto nia golpe no louva masakre sira.
Tinan 10
depois, Suharto buka no hetan suporta polítika no militár husi EUA hodi
lansa invazaun no okupasaun ilegál iha Timor-Leste. Besik ema
na’in-200.000 maka mate, no EUA fó suporta militár no polítika maka’as
ba Indonézia. Tuir Komisaun Rekonsiliasaun CAVR nia relatóriu Chega!,
durante tinan 24, iha krime kontra umanidade barak, inklui masakre,
violasaun, tortura, no halakon forzadu. Ema barak mate hamlaha tanba
militár blokeia direitu asesu ba ai han adekuadu. Tuir dokumentu ofisiál
balun ne’ebé ami hetan lee, governu EUA konsiente katak invazaun no
okupasaun militár Indonézia ne’e ilegál, maibé governu EUA kontinua
fornese apoiu militár ne’ebé sira hatene atu uza kontra povo
Timor-Leste.
Justisa no akontabilidade ba jenosídiu no krime kontra
umanidade
Sobrevivente, família vítima, no ativista
direitus umanus sira halo esforsu barak ona atu hetan justisa no
akontabilidade ba krime kontra umanidade durante tinan 1965-1966. Maski
progresu demokrasia fó nia naroman iha Indonézia ho Prezidente Repúblika
Sr. Joko Widodo nia lideransa maibé justisa no akontabilidade kontinua
dook husi espetativa sira ne’ebé buka. Prezidente Widodo halo esforsu
hodi hetan akontabilidade ba violasaun direitus umanus durante tempu
Suharto, maibé hetan dezafiu boot husi membru sira iha ninia governu
rasik.
Depois ami-nia vota ba independénsia iha tinan 1999, hahú
ona prosesu akontabilidade balu ba krime sira-ne’ebé akontese iha
Timor-Leste, maibé julga de’it ajudante militár Timoroan sira iha
tribunal no sira hetan pena prizaun minimal liu. Autór prinsipál sira
ne’ebé sai arkitetu ba krime sira kontinua la’o livre iha Indonézia,
to’o balun sei iha kbiit polítiku nasaun nia. Balun sai kandidadu ba
Prezidente Indonézia. Maski lider polítiku barak hakarak ignora, povu
Timor-Leste no ativista direitus umanus sira iha mundu kontinua dudu no
ezije akontabildade no justisa.
Hamutuk, ita bele hapara impunidade. Primeiru, Estadus
Unidus no Indonézia tenke loke sira-nia dokumentu hotu ligadu ba krime
sira husi tinan 1965-1966 no 1975-1999. Aprezenta lia loos mak nesesariu
hodi bele hetan justisa no akontabilidade loloos ba krime grave
sira-ne’e.
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Korrente impunidade kontinua
metin iha Indonézia no iha Estadus Unidus Amérika. Ulun boot sira
Estadus Unidus nian, ne’ebé uluk suporta krime kontra umanidade sira iha
Indonesia no parte seluk, kontinua sees an husi prosesu
responsabilizasaun no julgamentu. EUA no Indonézia sempre reklama an
nudár nasaun demokrátiku ne’ebé fiar ba suprema lei nia maibé sei
resiste kontra akontabilidade ba sira-nia ema.
Asuntu agora nian
la’ós de’it kona-ba pasadu. Forsa militár Indonézia kontinua halo krime
sira iha Papua Osidentál no fatin seluk iha Indonézia. Iha fulan hirak
ne’e, militár Indonézia kaer rihun-rahun ema Papua Osidentál bainhira
sira halo demonstrasaun ba direitu auto-determinasaun. Aktivista
Indonézia sira hetan intimidasaun oin-oin husi estadu no militár
bainhira ko’alia kona-ba masakre no krime grave husi pasadu. Nu’udár
ezemplu, iha fulan-outubru tinan kotuk, autoridade seguransa sira hapara
sesaun sira kona-ba massakre 1965 iha festival hakerek nian iha Bali.
Eventu sira atu haree filme balu kona ba 1965, inklui Senyap, hetan
ataka.
Hamutuk, ita bele hapara impunidade. Primeiru, Estadus
Unidus no Indonézia tenke loke sira-nia dokumentu hotu ligadu ba krime
sira husi tinan 1965-1966 no 1975-1999. Aprezenta lia loos mak nesesariu
hodi bele hetan justisa no akontabilidade loloos ba krime grave
sira-ne’e.
Chega! rekomenda atu nasaun sira hanesan Estadus
Unidus - ne’ebé fó armas no formasaun ba militár Indonézia - atu fornese
reparasaun ba Povu Timor-Leste. EUA hatene momoos katak sira-nia apoiu
militár - inklui aviaun funu to’o kilat M-16 - sei oho no realiza krime
grave kontra ema inosente rihun-rahun.
Tanba Indonézia hatudu ona
sira-nia sistema judisiál la independente no labele julga sira-nia
ofisiál rasik, tribunal internasionál sira sei presiza hodi lori
sira-ne’ebé responsabel ba krime 1965-1966 no krime sira iha Timor-Leste
husi 1975-1999 ba justisa.
Tinan 50 nonook no oprimidu ona.
Labele kontinua tan nune’e. Hapara sikulu impunidade.
Celestino Gusmao
Membru ANTI (Alianza Nasionál
ba Tribunál Internasionál) no Staf, La’o Hamutuk, Institutu ba Analiza
no Monitor Dezenvolvimentu iha Timor-Leste
Sekarang
Saatnya Memutus
Impunitas untuk Kejahatan Soeharto di Indonesia dan Timor-Leste
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Indonesian leftists
being taken to public
execution. Source:
Unknown/via CHART |
Baru-baru ini di Indonesia diadakan
simposium mengenai kekerasan yang terjadi 50 tahun lalu yang juga
menaikkan Jenderal Suharto ke kekuasaan. Simposium ini tidak ada
mengeluarkan hasil yang konklusif karena para pendukung kediktatoran
Orde Baru mengingkari pembantaian yang terjadi, dan menyerang
pihak-pihak yang menginginkan Indonesia menghadapi kekerasan di masa
lalunya.
Tragedi 1965-1966 adalah bagian dari
sejarah panjang pembantaian oleh militer Indonesia. Sebagai orang
Timor-Leste, kami sangat mengetahui kekejaman rezim diktator militer
Soeharto. Saya lahir setelah militer Indonesia menyerbu negeri kami pada
1975, dan saya dibesarkan pada masa pendudukan. Sejak masa kanak-kanak
sampai dewasa saya menyaksikan militer Indonesia mengancam dan
menganiaya pemuda-pemuda yang mereka curigai mendukung perjuangan
kemerdekaan. Kami mengalami secara langsung perbuatan-perbuatan kejam:
tentara menangkap pemuda-pemuda di rumah, sekolah atau di jalan, yang
banyak di antara mereka tak pernah kami lihat lagi. Saya tidak bisa
berbuat apa-apa ketika pada suatu hari di bulan Mei 1999 saya lihat
anggota militer menembak mati saudara sepupu saya bernama Luis Gusmão
Pereira di pasar desa Triloedae, Laga.
Pada 1965-1966, tentara Indonesia
bersama milisi bentukan mereka melakukan pembantaian terhadap
orang-orang yang mereka curigai sebagai anggota dan pendukung Partai
Komunis Indonesia (PKI). Menurut Amnesty International, antara lima
ratus hingga satu juta orang kehilangan nyawa. Banyak pula yang
mengalami penyiksaan dan ditahan tanpa pengadilan selama waktu yang
sangat lama. Anggota keluarga mereka banyak yang tidak bisa melanjutkan
pelajaran dan tidak mendapatkan pekerjaan. Banyak lagi yang tidak punya
pilihan selain tinggal bersama pembunuh, seperti yang bisa kita saksikan
dalam film dokumenter bikinan Joshua Oppenheimer: Jagal dan Senyap.
Rantai impunitas tetap kuat di
Indonesia dan di Amerika Serikat. Para pembesar di Amerika
Serikat, yang dulu mendukung kejahatan terhadap umat manusia di
Indonesia dan tempat-tempat lain, tetap saja menghindar dari
pertanggungjawaban hukum. AS dan Indonesia terus saja mengaku
diri sebagai negeri demokratis yang menjunjung tinggi kekuasaan
hukum tapi menolak terus pertanggungjawaban.
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Sering kali ketakutan akan bahaya
komunis pada Masa Perang Dingin menjadi pembenaran bagi Amerika Serikat
untuk mendukung penggulingan militer terhadap pemerintah-pemerintah yang
dipilih melalui proses demokratis. Presiden pertama Indonesia, Sukarno
menjalankan politik keadilan sosial dan keadilan ekonomi yang
mendasarkan pada kekuatan rakyat (berdikari), yang mendapatkan dukungan
dari PKI dan kekuatan-kekuatan lainnya. Sukarno pada Masa Perang Dingin
menjadi salah seorang pendiri Gerakan Non-Blok yang tidak memihak salah
satu dari dua blok besar kekuatan dunia. Pemerintah AS menganggap
Indonesia mengambil jalan terlalu merdeka, sehingga AS mendukung kup
Soeharto dan membiarkan terjadinya pembantaian.
Sepuluh tahun kemuduan Soeharto
meminta dan mendapatkan dukungan AS untuk invasi dan pendudukan terhadap
Timor-Leste. Hampir 200.000 orang kehilangan nyawa, dan AS terus saja
mendukung kuat-kuat Indonesia. Menurut penyelidikan Komisi Penerimaan,
Kebenaran dan Rekonsiliasi (CAVR), selama 24 tahun pendudukan, terjadi
kejahatan terhadap umat manusia (crimes against humanity), yang
meliputi: pembantaian, penyiksaan, penghilangan paksa dan sebagainya.
Banyak orang mati karena kelaparan tentara memblokade akses ke bahan
makanan. Menurut dokumen-dokumen yang kami baca, pemerintah AS menyadari
bahwa invasi dan pendudukan Indonesia tersebut ilegal, tetapi terus saja
memberikan dukungan militer yang mereka ketahui akan digunakan terhadap
rakyat Timor-Leste.
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